Air Pollution effect on human health
A] Importance
Air
pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the
atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or
cause damage to the climate or to materials.[1] It is also the contamination of
indoor or outdoor surrounding either by chemical activities, physical or
biological agents that alters the natural features of the atmosphere.[1] There
are many different types of air pollutants, such as gases (including ammonia,
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane and
chlorofluorocarbons), particulates (both organic and inorganic), and biological
molecules. Air pollution can cause diseases, allergies, and even death to
humans; it can also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and
crops, and may damage the natural environment (for example, climate change,
ozone depletion or habitat degradation) or built environment (for example, acid
rain).[2] Air pollution can be caused by both human activities[3] and natural
phenomena.
Global air
quality is closely linked to global climate and ecosystems. Many of the
contributors to air pollution are also sources of pollution Section Greenhouse
gas emissions, fossil fuel combustion.
Air
pollution, respiratory, cardiovascular, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), stroke and lung cancer. There is a lot of evidence that air pollution
Article : Decreased IQ, cognitive impairment, [6] Increased risk of mental
disorders such as depression [7] and Perinatal health problems. The effects of
bad air on human health are significant, but the main effect is on the body.
Respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Individual responses to air pollution
depend on the type of air pollution to which an individual is exposed. Article
The recipient and the exposure are related to a person's health and genetics.
B] Objective
Air
pollution is estimated to cost the world economy $5 trillion a year in lost
productivity and reduced quality of life. Section Section is sometimes
overlooked and ignored. Various pollution control methods and techniques can be
used to reduce pollution. Many international and national laws and regulations
have been created to prohibit it. Section Adverse effects of pollution. Local
policies, if implemented properly, can lead to significant improvements in
population. Health. Some of these efforts have been carried out
internationally, such as the Montreal Protocol [32], which reduced Section
Releases of Ozone Depleting Chemicals and the 1985 Helsinki Protocol on the
Reduction of Sulfur Emissions, [33] while others, such as Section International
action to address climate change, have been less successful.
A fossil
fuel[a] is a hydrocarbon product such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas [2]
that forms in the Earth's crust. The remains of dead plants and animals are
extracted and burned as fuel. Fossil fuels can be burned to provide heat for
use Section Energy. Some fossil fuels are converted to derivatives such as
kerosene, gasoline, and propane before they are burned. Historical Fossil fuels
are the anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms and contain organic
molecules produced through photosynthesis. The conversion of these materials
into carbon-based fossil fuels usually requires geological processes over
millions of years. In 2019, 84% of the world's primary energy consumption and
64% of electricity came from fossil fuels. Large-scale The burning of fossil
fuels causes great harm to the environment. More than 80% of carbon dioxide
(CO2) is produced by human activities. Of this figure, 4,444 tonnes (about 35
billion tonnes per year) comes from coal, while 4 billion tonnes come from land
development. [9] Most of the on Earth is absorbed by the oceans through natural
processes, and only a small part can be removed. Therefore, the increase is
hundreds of millions of tons of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year. Despite
the seriousness of methane leaks, [12]: 52 fossil fuels are a major source of
greenhouse gases that cause global warming and ocean acidification. In
addition, many of the pollutants are deadly. due to fossil fuel particles and
toxic gases. It is estimated that this costs more than 3% of the world's gross
domestic product. [13] Weaning off fossil fuels will save millions of lives
every year.
C] Aim
Fossil fuels
are easily burned in the atmosphere and var. Peat has a long history of use as
a household fuel. Some early furnaces burned coal to melt iron. ore was used
solely for waterproofing, although semi-solid hydrocarbons from oil spills were
also burned in ancient times.[32] Section Commercial extraction of petroleum
began in the 19th century. a Natural gas, once burned as an unwanted byproduct
of the petroleum industry, is now considered a valuable resource. Natural gas
deposits are also a large source of helium. Heavy oils (weaker than regular
crude oil) and petroleum (bitumen mixed with sand) and clay began to become
more important than fossil fuels in the early 2000s. Oil shale and similar
materials Sedimentary rocks containing kerogen, a complex mixture of high
molecular weight organic compounds that can produce synthetic crude oil Oil
when heated (pyrolysis). With further processing, they can be used to replace
other existing fossil fuels. time a Section Investments declined in the 2010s
and 2020s because the high carbon prices of these resources made resources more
easily affected. storage.
Before the
second half of the 18th century, windmills and water wheels were provided. Chop
wood or pump water when burning wood or peat to heat a home. The widespread use
of fossil fuels, primarily coal and then oil, began a revolution in the engine
room. Meanwhile, batteries use gas or oil is widely used. The invention of the
internal combustion engine and its use in cars and trucks The demand for
gasoline and diesel, both of which are produced from fossil fuels. Other means
of transportation such as trains and airlines are also necessary Fossil fuels.
Another important use of fossil fuels is to generate electricity and to provide
raw materials for the petrochemical industry. Tar, a type of The rest of the
oil extracted is used in road construction. Energy for the Green Movement comes
from fossil fuels in the form of natural gas, oil and pesticides.
Hydrocarbon
fuel irrigation. Development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers is greatly
increasing the world's population development; It is estimated that almost half
of the world's population is now dependent on nitrogen fertilizers there are.
"50% of the world's food is based on chemical fertilizers," said the
head of the fertilizer trade association.
D] Methodology
Rewrited-Text
re_check Efforts in forest management range from natural management in natural
conditions to extensive forestry efforts. Article The intensity of interventions
in forest management is often increased to achieve economic objectives
(increased timber production, non-timber forest products, ecosystem services)
or ecological structures (renewable species, rare species, carbon Section
storage) Proportion of forest area under long-term management by region in 2020
Most forests in Europe have management plans; on the other hand, less than 25%
of companies have controls. Africa has less than 20% of forests, while South
America has less than 20%. Forest area planning has increased in all regions –
globally, Section it has increased by 233 million hectares since 2000 and will
reach 2.05 billion hectares by 2020.
products
come from sustainably managed forests. This is a voluntary, non-biased
third-party process The organization evaluates the quality and results of
forest management according to the system established by the state or
government Physical Operation Certificate. Section To increase public awareness
of natural rights, including forest management. Section The focus of forest
management shall shift from logging for economic development to promotion
Section The management of ecosystem services provided by forests, including
habitat provision for wildlife and conservation of biodiversity, Watershed
Management and Recreational Opportunities. Greater environmental awareness may
help Public distrust of forest professionals. However, it may also lead to a
better understanding of the roles of professionals.
Forests are
used for nature conservation and ecological services. The importance of forest
conservation in terms of ecology and the environment is covered in the series
Axeman, profitable businesses are making profits. Various tools have been
developed to improve forest characteristics, including remote sensing, GIS, and
photogrammetric models. Management Planning. The number of trees in the United
States has increased by 90% since 1953 due to sustainable development Forest
Management.
E] Observations
We
identified a total of six AAP epidemiologic studies that considered acute
health effects. Two respiratory health effect studies considered a range of
upper and lower respiratory outcomes (all in children), one study considered
stroke, and three other studies considered mortality outcomes. However, we note
that only half (N = 3) of these studies assigned short-term (acute) exposure
from AAP measurements to derive exposure–response relationships, while the other three studies
assigned exposure using long-term concentrations (e.g., annualized or
three-year averages). In addition, two of the three studies that used long-term
concentration exposure data may further be classified as “ecological†designs since health outcomes and
pollutant exposures were aggregated to large spatial units (e.g., country-level
or region-level) rather than studying exposure–response relationships at the individual-level. Two of these
studies were prospective designs and both were conducted in Durban, South
Africa. Each of these six AAP acute health effects studies are summarized in
turn.
A panel study
from South Africa recruited school-aged children (N = 423) from Durban schools
[20]. This study measured PM10, SO2 and CO at the participant’s school and
utilized NO2 and NO ambient air measurements collected from eight government
air monitoring sites as well as O3 ambient air measurements collected at two
other government air monitoring sites. Both single- pollutant and bi-pollutant
associations were investigated for several acute lower respiratory outcomes.
Self-report logs of acute respiratory symptoms were recorded multiple times
during the day. Acute symptoms included cough, wheezing, shortness of breath
(SOB), chest tightness or heaviness. Significant associations were observed for
each air pollutant, with all but one resulting in adverse effects. Cough, SOB
and chest symptoms were all higher with increasing PM10, SO2, NO2, and NO
concentrations. Wheeze was also higher with increased NO2 but lower with higher
NO. The strength of these associations for each individual pollutant depended
on the number of day lags, with cough most consistently stronger for same day
or five-day lags and chest tightness consistently strongest on same day
exposure. There was no clear pattern for the other outcomes with respect to
lag-days. This study did not, apparently, collect important information related
to biomass fuel use at participant’s homes.
F] Conclusions
Although the
problem of human-induced environmental pollution is difficult to eliminate, a
good solution can be found Section Close cooperation between authorities,
organizations and doctors to control the situation. The government should
publish sufficiently Article In order to educate and inform the public, experts
should be involved in these problems in order to control the occurrence of
problems. Article Effectiveness Environmental pollution control measures shall
be developed and implemented for all commercial and industrial facilities.
This The
1997 Kyoto Protocol set an ambitious target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
to less than 5% by 2012 (123). follow The 2009 Copenhagen Summit (124) and then
the 2011 Durban Summit (125) decided to remain in the same class Section
Action. The Kyoto Protocol and the protocols that followed it have been
ratified by many countries. Among the pioneers of this method is China, an
important authority on the "health" of the world environment and
climate (3). As we all know, China is a rapidly developing country and its
economy and GDP (gross domestic product) are expected to be very high by 2050;
this year is expected to be a boom year.
Agreement on
reducing carbon emissions. The latest international agreement on climate change
is the 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC (United Nations Panel on Climate Change).
This latest agreement has been ratified by many United Nations countries, including
EU countries (126). In this spirit, all parties need to support action and
action. Section develops many aspects of this concept. Supporting education,
training, public awareness and public participation are some of the issues.
Section is about increasing the time frame for achieving goals and objectives.