Section 1 An Astrologer’s Day Ex 1.1
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Explaination on English Grammar
1. English Grammar (Basic)
1. Nouns: Nouns are words used to name
people, places, things, or ideas. Examples include: dog, cat, book, table,
happiness.
2. Verbs: Verbs are action words that
express an action, occurrence, or state of being. Examples include: run, jump,
eat, sleep, is, are.
3. Adjectives: Adjectives are words used to
describe or modify nouns or pronouns. Examples include: beautiful, tall, happy,
blue, old.
4. Adverbs: Adverbs are words used to
modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They often describe how, when,
where, or to what extent something happens. Examples include: quickly, slowly,
happily, very, too.
5. Pronouns: Pronouns are words used in
place of nouns. Examples include: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her,
us, them.
6. Prepositions: Prepositions are words that
show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.
Examples include: in, on, at, to, from, with, by, for, of.
7. Conjunctions: Conjunctions are words used
to connect words, phrases, or clauses. Examples include: and, but, or, so, yet,
for, nor.
8. Articles: Articles are words used to
specify or introduce a noun. There are two types: definite (the) and indefinite
(a, an).
9. Interjections: Interjections are words used
to express emotion or sudden bursts of feeling. Examples include: wow, oh,
ouch, hooray, hey.
2. Nouns
Nouns are a fundamental part of English grammar, serving as
the building blocks of language by naming people, places, things, and abstract
concepts. Here's an overview of different types of nouns:
1. Common
Nouns: These are basic, non-specific nouns that refer to general
items, people, or places. Examples include "book," "cat,"
"city," and "car."
2. Proper
Nouns: Proper
nouns are specific names given to particular people, places, or things, and
they are capitalized. Examples include "John," "Paris,"
"Mount Everest," and "Toyota."
3. Concrete
Nouns: Concrete
nouns refer to things that can be perceived through the senses, such as
"table," "dog," "tree," and "flower."
4. Abstract
Nouns: Abstract
nouns refer to ideas, emotions, qualities, or states that cannot be perceived
through the senses. Examples include "love," "happiness,"
"freedom," and "justice."
5. Countable
Nouns (Count Nouns): These nouns can be counted and have singular
and plural forms. Examples include "dog" (singular) and
"dogs" (plural).
6. Uncountable
Nouns (Mass Nouns): These nouns cannot be counted individually and do not have a plural
form. Examples include "water," "rice,"
"information," and "furniture."
7. Collective
Nouns: Collective
nouns refer to groups of people, animals, or things as a single unit. Examples
include "team," "herd," "flock," and
"family."
8. Compound
Nouns: Compound
nouns are formed by combining two or more words to create a single noun.
Examples include "toothbrush," "firefly,"
"crosswalk," and "birthday."
9. Possessive
Nouns: These
nouns show ownership or possession. They are formed by adding an apostrophe and
"s" ('s) to the end of a noun or just an apostrophe (') after plural
nouns ending in "s." Examples include "John's car,"
"the cat's tail," and "the students' books."
10. Gerunds: Gerunds are nouns formed by
adding "-ing" to a verb. They function as subjects or objects in a
sentence. Examples include "swimming," "reading," and
"writing."
3. Verbs
Verbs are one of the fundamental parts of speech in English
grammar, playing a crucial role in expressing actions, states of being, or
occurrences. Here are some key aspects and types of verbs in English:
1. Action
Verbs: These
verbs express physical or mental actions that someone or something can do.
Examples include:
• run, jump, speak, think, write, eat, sleep.
2. Linking
Verbs: Linking
verbs connect the subject of a sentence to a noun, pronoun, or adjective that
describes or renames it. Common linking verbs include:
• be (am, is, are, was, were), seem, appear, become, feel,
look, sound.
3. Auxiliary
Verbs (Helping Verbs): These verbs are used alongside main verbs to convey various
tenses, moods, or aspects. They help form different verb forms and express
nuances in meaning. Examples include:
• have, be, do, can, could, may, might, must, shall, should,
will, would.
4. Modal
Verbs: Modal
verbs express possibility, necessity, permission, ability, or obligation. They
are used with other verbs to indicate these meanings. Examples include:
•can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would.
5. Transitive
Verbs: These verbs require a direct object to complete their
meaning. They transfer the action from the subject to the object. Examples
include:
•eat (He eats an apple), read (She reads a book), write
(They write letters).
6. Intransitive
Verbs: Intransitive
verbs do not require a direct object to complete their meaning. They express an
action or state that does not transfer to an object. Examples include:
•run (She runs quickly), sleep (He sleeps peacefully), laugh
(They laugh loudly).
7. Regular
Verbs: Regular
verbs form their past tense and past participle by adding "-ed" to
the base form. Examples include:
•walk (walked), talk (talked), play (played).
8. Irregular
Verbs: Irregular
verbs do not follow the regular pattern when forming their past tense and past
participle. Each irregular verb has its own unique forms. Examples include:
•go (went, gone), eat (ate, eaten), break (broke, broken).
9. Finite
Verbs: These
verbs change their form according to tense, person, and number to agree with
the subject of a sentence. They indicate when the action takes place. Examples
include:
•He walks, They walk, She walked.
10. Non-finite
Verbs: Non-finite
verbs do not change according to tense, person, or number. They include
infinitives, gerunds, and participles. Examples include:
•to walk (infinitive), walking (gerund), walked (past
participle).
4. Adjective
In English grammar, an adjective is a word that describes or
modifies a noun or pronoun. Adjectives provide additional information about the
noun or pronoun they are associated with, such as its size, color, shape, age,
or quality. Adjectives can be used to make descriptions more vivid and
specific. For example:
• The red
apple
• The tall
tree
• A
beautiful sunset
Adjectives can be categorized into different types based on
their function, such as descriptive adjectives, quantitative adjectives,
demonstrative adjectives, possessive adjectives, etc. They play a crucial role
in enhancing the clarity and detail of language, allowing speakers and writers
to convey more precise meanings and create vivid imagery.
5. Adverbs
Adverbs are a vital part of English grammar that modify or
describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They typically answer questions
such as how, when, where, why, or to what extent an action is performed. Here
are some key points about adverbs:
1. Types
of Adverbs:
• Adverbs of Manner: These describe how an action is done
(e.g., slowly, quickly).
• Adverbs of Place: These describe where an action occurs
(e.g., here, there).
• Adverbs of Time: These describe when an action occurs
(e.g., now, later).
• Adverbs of Frequency: These describe how often an action
occurs (e.g., always, never).
• Adverbs of Degree: These describe the intensity or extent
of an action (e.g., very, extremely).
• Interrogative Adverbs: These are used to ask questions
(e.g., where, when, how).
• Relative Adverbs: These introduce relative clauses (e.g.,
where, when, why).
2. Formation
of Adverbs:
• Many adverbs are formed by adding "-ly" to
adjectives (e.g., quick → quickly).
• Some adverbs have irregular forms that don't follow this
pattern (e.g., well, fast).
• Some adverbs are the same as their corresponding
adjectives (e.g., hard, fast).
3. Position
of Adverbs:
• Adverbs can appear before or after the verb they modify.
• Adverbs of frequency usually come before the main verb
(e.g., She always eats breakfast).
• Adverbs of manner often come after the verb (e.g., He
sings beautifully).
• Adverbs can also appear at the beginning or end of a
sentence for emphasis.
4. Comparative
and Superlative Forms:
• Some adverbs have comparative and superlative forms,
typically formed by adding "-er" or "-est" or by using
"more" and "most" (e.g., quickly → more quickly → most
quickly).
5. Adverbial
Phrases and Clauses:
• Adverbial phrases and clauses can also function as
adverbs, providing additional information about the action in the sentence.
• Adverbial phrases and clauses can appear at the beginning,
middle, or end of a sentence (e.g., In the morning, he goes for a run).
6. Commonly
Confused Words:
• Some adverbs have similar forms to adjectives, and their
usage can be confused (e.g., good vs. well, late vs. lately).
6. Pronouns
Pronouns in English grammar are words that are used in place
of nouns. They serve to avoid repetition and add variety to sentences. Pronouns
can function as subjects, objects, possessives, or reflexives. Here are some
common types of pronouns:
1. Personal
Pronouns: These
refer to specific people or things. They include:
• Subject Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
• Object Pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them
2. Possessive
Pronouns: These
show ownership or possession. They include:
• Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
3. Reflexive
Pronouns: These
reflect back to the subject of the sentence. They include:
• Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, themselves
4. Demonstrative
Pronouns: These
point out specific persons, places, or things. They include:
• This, that, these, those
5. Indefinite
Pronouns: These
do not refer to any specific person or thing. They include:
• Anyone, someone, no one, everybody, nobody, each, every,
some, any, all, both, few, several, many, none
6. Relative
Pronouns: These
introduce dependent clauses and relate them to the noun or pronoun they modify.
They include:
• Who, whom, whose, which, that
7. Interrogative
Pronouns: These
are used to ask questions. They include:
• Who, whom, whose, which, what
8. Reciprocal
Pronouns: These indicate mutual action or relationship. They
include:
• Each other, one another
7. Prepositions
Prepositions are words used to show the relationship between
a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence. They typically indicate
location, direction, time, manner, or possession. Here's a breakdown:
1. Location: Prepositions can indicate where something is
located in relation to something else.
• Examples: on, in, at, under, over, above, below, beside,
between, among, inside, outside, behind, in front of, near, far from, next to,
by, through, across, along, etc.
2. Direction: Prepositions can show the direction of
movement or action.
• Examples: to, from, into, onto, off, out of, towards, away
from, up, down, along, across, etc.
3. Time: Prepositions can specify when something happens.
• Examples: in, on, at, during, before, after, since, until,
by, for, etc.
4. Manner: Prepositions can describe how something is done.
• Examples: by, with, like, in, etc.
5. Possession: Prepositions can indicate ownership or
possession.
• Examples: of, belonging to, etc.
Prepositions are often followed by a noun, pronoun, or
gerund (the "-ing" form of a verb). They play a crucial role in
forming prepositional phrases, which function as adjectives or adverbs in a
sentence. Understanding and using prepositions correctly is essential for clear
and accurate communication in English.
8. Conjunctions
Conjunctions are an essential part of English grammar that
serve to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. They enable the
formation of more complex and cohesive expressions by joining various elements
together. Conjunctions can be classified into different types based on their
functions and usage:
1. Coordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions join
words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal grammatical importance. The
most common coordinating conjunctions are:
• For
(explanation or reason)
• And (addition)
• Nor
(negative addition)
• But
(contrast or exception)
• Or
(alternative)
• Yet
(contrast)
• So
(result or consequence)
An easy way to remember these conjunctions is with the
acronym FANBOYS.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions join an
independent clause with a dependent clause, indicating the relationship between
the clauses, such as cause and effect, time, condition, etc. Some common
subordinating conjunctions include:
• After
• Although
• Because
• Before
• If
• Since
• Though
• Until
• While
3. Correlative Conjunctions: These are pairs of
conjunctions that work together to join words or groups of words in a sentence.
Some examples of correlative conjunctions include:
• Both...and
• Either...or
• Neither...nor
• Not
only...but also
• Whether...or
4. Conjunctive Adverbs: These are not strictly
conjunctions but can function as connectors between independent clauses,
indicating a relationship between them. Examples include:
• However
• Moreover
• Therefore
• Nevertheless
• Meanwhile
Conjunctions play a crucial role in structuring sentences
and paragraphs by establishing logical connections and coherence between
different parts of speech. They contribute to the flow and clarity of
communication in both spoken and written English.
9. Articles
In English grammar, articles are words that define a noun as
specific or unspecific. They fall into two categories: definite articles (the)
and indefinite articles (a, an).
1. Definite Article: "The"
• The
definite article "the" is used before singular or plural nouns when
the noun is specific or particular.
• Example:
• The cat
is on the mat.
• The
students are waiting for the bus.
2. Indefinite Articles:
• "A"
is used before singular nouns beginning with a consonant sound.
• "An"
is used before singular nouns beginning with a vowel sound.
• Indefinite
articles indicate that the noun refers to any member of a group.
• Example:
• A dog is
barking outside.
• She wants
to buy an umbrella.
10. Interjections
Interjections are words or phrases used to express emotions
or sentiments in a sentence. They are often inserted into a sentence to convey
a particular feeling or reaction. Interjections can stand alone or be
accompanied by other words. They are typically used in spoken language but can
also appear in written communication, particularly in informal contexts.
Here are some common examples of interjections:
1. Wow! - Used to express surprise or
admiration.
2. Oh no! - Used to convey dismay or
disappointment.
3. Oops! - Used to acknowledge a
mistake or accident.
4. Yay! - Used to express joy or
excitement.
5. Well... - Used to indicate hesitation
or to start a sentence thoughtfully.
6. Hurray! - Used to express celebration
or triumph.
7. Hey! - Used to get someone's
attention.
8. Ugh! - Used to express frustration
or annoyance.
9. Ah! - Used to indicate
realization or understanding.
10. Bravo! - Used to show appreciation
or approval.
Interjections add color and emotion to language, helping to convey the speaker's attitude or mood more effectively. They can appear in various parts of a sentence and are not typically grammatically connected to the rest of the sentence's structure.